Journal: Frontiers in Immunology

Article Title: Carbohydrate fatty acid monosulphate ester adjuvant enhances the immunogenicity of influenza antigens via TLR4/2-dependent mechanisms

doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2026.1787181

Figure Lengend Snippet: CMS adjuvant enhances antigen-specific T cell responses to H1N1 HA peptide pools in human PBMCs. (A) Scheme of the AIM assay setup. PBMCs from healthy donors were treated with H1N1 HA peptide pools alone or in combination with the adjuvant for 6 days and restimulated with peptide pools for 16 hrs in the presence of anti-CD40 and anti-CD28, followed by surface staining and flow cytometry analysis of AIMs. (B) Representative dot plots showing frequencies of CD154 + CD137 + CD4 + and CD137 + CD8 + T cells for the indicated treatments. (C) Summarized frequencies of HA-specific CD154 + CD137 + CD4 + and CD137 + CD8 + T cells from independent donors (n=9). Statistics are **P < 0.01 ; ns, not significant as determined by Mann-Whitney’s U test (C, D) . AIM, activation-induced marker; SD, standard deviation.

Article Snippet: The cells were restimulated with H1N1 peptide pools at a concentration of 1 μg/ml for 16 hrs in the presence of CD40 monoclonal antibody (1 μg/ml, clone: HB14; Miltenyi Biotec) and CD28 monoclonal antibody (1 μg/ml, clone: 37407; R&D Systems).

Techniques: Adjuvant, Staining, Flow Cytometry, Activation Assay, Marker, Standard Deviation

Journal: Frontiers in Immunology

Article Title: Carbohydrate fatty acid monosulphate ester adjuvant enhances the immunogenicity of influenza antigens via TLR4/2-dependent mechanisms

doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2026.1787181

Figure Lengend Snippet: CMS enhances the immunogenicity of H7N9 HA protein antigen on human DCs. Immature DCs were left alone or treated with H7N9 HA (10 μg/ml) antigen alone or antigen + CMS (125 µg/ml) for 48 h. After incubation, cells were subjected to surface phenotyping by FACS. (A, B ) Representative histograms and scatter plots representing the mean ± SD (n = 6 donors) values of expression (median fluorescence intensities, MFI) of CD80, CD86, CD40, HLA-DR, CD54, and CD274. (C) Cell-free supernatants were collected and analyzed for cytokines. Amount of secretion (mean ± SD, n = 12-13) of IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-12p70 and TNF-α, (all in pg/ml) (n = 10–13 donors). Statistics are *P < 0.05; **P < 0.01; ****P < 0.0001 as determined by one-way ANOVA with Tukey’s multiple comparisons post-test (B, C) . SD, standard deviation.

Article Snippet: The cells were restimulated with H1N1 peptide pools at a concentration of 1 μg/ml for 16 hrs in the presence of CD40 monoclonal antibody (1 μg/ml, clone: HB14; Miltenyi Biotec) and CD28 monoclonal antibody (1 μg/ml, clone: 37407; R&D Systems).

Techniques: Immunopeptidomics, Incubation, Expressing, Fluorescence, Standard Deviation